Bali’s highest volcano, named Mount Agung or Gunung Agung (balinese) is a majestic natural wonder and spiritual symbol. Explore our comprehensive guide to discover the significance of Mount Agung in Balinese culture, its breathtaking hikes, safety tips, and the captivating legends surrounding this iconic peak.
Mount Agung is Bali’s highest peak and most revered volcano. This majestic peak, standing at 3,142 meters (10,308 feet) above sea level, holds profound cultural and spiritual significance for the Balinese people.
Geography
Situated in the eastern part of Bali, Mount Agung is part of the volcanic belt that runs through Indonesia. It dominates the landscape and can be seen from many parts of the island
Cultural Significance of Mount Agung
In balinese hinduism, Mount Agung is believed to be the dwelling place of the gods and is central to the spiritual beliefs of the Balinese Hindus. The Besakih Temple, known as the “Mother Temple of Bali,” is located on its slopes and is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Bali.
As the highest point on the island, it is revered as the abode of the gods and the axis mundi, or the nexus between the spiritual and earthly realms. Central to the island’s spiritual cosmology, this impressive stratovolcano is considered the anchor of the Balinese universe. Each temple on Bali is oriented towards Mount Agung, reflecting its centrality in religious rituals and ceremonies.
Beyond the religious domain, Gunung Agung’s occasional eruptions and dominant silhouette have shaped the cultural, ecological, and even agricultural narratives of Bali, serving as a constant reminder of nature’s omnipotence and the harmonious balance humans must maintain with the divine.
As it is common on many islands and regions, the highest peak is often referred to Mount Meru, the mystical mountain in several religions which is the center of the universe. This also explains the cultural significance of Mount Agung for the balinese population.
Legends and Myths
According to Balinese mythology, Mount Agung is said to have been formed when the god Pasupati transformed the cosmic mountain Meru into a physical form. The volcano is also associated with epic tales of gods and demons, adding to its mystique and allure.
Eruptions and Rituals
The volcano has a history of eruptions, some of which have had devastating effects. However, these eruptions are also seen as purification rituals by the Balinese, who believe that they maintain the balance of the universe. There is a long history of eruptions that have significantly impacted both the local environment and the people of Bali.
Ancient Eruptions: Geological records indicate that Mount Agung has experienced multiple major eruptions over the past few millennia. These ancient eruptions have played a crucial role in shaping the topography of the region.
1963-1964 Eruption: The most devastating and well-documented eruption in recent history occurred between 1963 and 1964. This violent eruption claimed over 1,000 lives and displaced many more. Pyroclastic flows from this eruption reached as far as 7 kilometers from the summit. Ash from this eruption reached the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, about 1,000 kilometers away and even affected air traffic as far as northern Australia. Following the initial eruption, the volcano remained active with several smaller eruptions over the next year.
2017-2019 Activity: After more than half a century of relative quietness, the volcano showed signs of increased volcanic activity in 2017. This led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of residents from the vicinity. Between 2017 and 2019, the volcano sporadically erupted multiple times, emitting ash plumes and causing disruptions to air travel. While these eruptions were less deadly than the 1963 event, they posed significant challenges for disaster management and had implications for Bali’s tourism industry, which is a major economic driver for the island.
Volcanologists closely monitor Mount Agung due to its potential for significant eruptions. The history of its eruptions serves as a constant reminder of the dynamic and powerful natural forces at play in this region and underscores the importance of preparedness and respect for nature’s might.
Read more about Bali in our Glossary
Hiking Agung
Climbing Gunung Agung is a challenging endeavor, primarily due to the steep and rugged terrain. It’s essential to be physically fit and prepared for the ascent. While this adventure of climbing a large and recently active volcano, was popular around 2020-2022, after videos of tourists behaving disrespectful on to of Mount Agung, tourist authorities have officially banned tours to the summit in 2023. Some guides still offer tours.
Contact us if you are interested hiking Mount Agung Volcano!
Safety Tips Climbing Agung:
- Monitoring: Check the volcano’s activity with local authorities before planning a hike, as it can be periodically closed to climbers during periods of increased volcanic activity.
Respect Local Customs: When visiting temples and sacred areas around Mount Agung, dress modestly and follow local customs and traditions.
- Altitude Sickness: Be aware of the symptoms of altitude sickness, as the ascent to the summit can be physically demanding. Acclimatization is crucial.
- Weather Conditions: Weather on Gunung Agung can change rapidly, so be prepared for varying conditions and carry appropriate gear.
Visiting Recommendations:
- Pay a visit to Besakih Temple, located on the slopes of Mount Agung, to witness its grandeur and significance in Balinese culture.
- Capture the stunning landscapes and vistas surrounding Gunung Agung, particularly during sunrise or sunset.
- Cultural Experiences: Engage in local rituals and ceremonies to gain a deeper understanding of the volcano’s cultural importance.
9 lesser-known and interesting facts about Mount Agung:
Here are some interesting and stunning facts about the mountain:
- Natural Dominance: As the highest point in Bali, Mount Agung dominates the island’s landscape. Standing at 3,031 meters (9,944 feet) above sea level, its presence can be felt from nearly everywhere on the island.
- That still makes Mount Agung only number 12 in Indonesians highest peaks, that elevate over 4884 meters (Puncak Jaya in Papua).
- Symbol of Orientation: Every temple in Bali is built with its most sacred shrine oriented towards Mount Agung. This is a testament to the mountain’s spiritual significance.
- Unique Ecosystem: The higher altitudes of Mount Agung are home to a rarefied ecosystem, with flora and fauna that are distinct from the lowland regions of Bali.
- Volcanic Power: Mount Agung’s eruptions have the power to influence global temperatures. The 1963 eruption released enough particulate matter into the atmosphere to temporarily decrease global temperatures.
- Survivor’s Tale: During the deadly 1963 eruption, the Besakih Temple was miraculously spared from destruction by pyroclastic flows, which stopped just meters from the temple compound. Many Balinese saw this as a divine sign.
- Ritual Offerings: Locals often make offerings to appease the mountain, particularly when there’s volcanic activity. These rituals reflect the deep respect and reverence the Balinese have for nature and the spirits they believe reside in these natural landmarks.
- Cultural Influence: The periodic eruptions and the looming presence of Mount Agung have deeply influenced Balinese art, dance, and folklore, making it an inseparable part of the island’s cultural fabric.
- Even though Bali is in the tropical zone, temperatures on Mount Agung can drop even blow 10 degrees celsius.
- Shy mountain: Locals are sometimes calling “Mount Agung is shy,” referring to how the peak is often hidden behind clouds, much like a shy person who hides their face when approached by strangers.
FAQ
What is Mount Agung?
Mount Agung, also known as Gunung Agung, is Bali’s highest and most prominent volcano. It stands at an impressive 3,031 meters (9,944 feet) above sea level and is a significant geological and cultural landmark on the island.
What is the cultural significance of Mount Agung?
Mount Agung holds immense cultural significance in Balinese Hinduism. It is considered the dwelling place of the gods and is central to the spiritual beliefs of the Balinese people. The Besakih Temple, located on its slopes, is one of Bali’s most important pilgrimage sites.
Is Mount Agung an active volcano?
Yes, Mount Agung is an active volcano. It has a history of eruptions, with the most notable one occurring in 1963, which had devastating effects on Bali and its surroundings. Monitoring by local authorities is essential due to its volcanic activity.
Can I hike Mount Agung, and what are the challenges involved?
Yes, you can hike Gunung Agung; however, it is a challenging endeavor. The terrain is steep and rugged, requiring hikers to be physically fit and adequately prepared for the ascent. Hiring an experienced local guide is highly recommended for safety and cultural insights.
What are the best times to witness sunrise views from Mount Agung?
Many hikers opt for sunrise treks to witness breathtaking views from the summit. These treks usually start in the middle of the night to reach the summit by dawn. The best times for clear skies and stunning sunrises are typically during the dry season, which is April to September.
Are there any precautions I should take when visiting Mount Agung and its surrounding areas?
When visiting Gunung Agung and its temples, it’s essential to dress modestly and respect local customs and traditions. Check the volcano’s activity with local authorities before planning a hike, as it can be periodically closed during periods of increased volcanic activity.
